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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans

Published on: April 28, 2022

Alcohol craving scale based on three factors.

Monica Jimenez¹, José Luis Graña, Victoria Montes

¹Psychiatry Service, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. monicajg77@gmail.com

European Addiction Research

|April 1, 2009

Summary

A new Alcohol Craving Scale Based on Three Factors (ACS-3F) was developed and validated. This reliable scale effectively measures alcohol craving in individuals with alcohol dependence, distinguishing them from controls.

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Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Alcohol craving is central to alcoholism, with existing assessment tools not aligning with integrative hypotheses.
Recent hypotheses propose three craving types: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and loss of control.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and validate a novel craving scale based on these three proposed factors.
To correlate scale factors with associated variables and differentiate between alcoholic and control groups.

Main Methods:

The Alcohol Craving Scale Based on Three Factors (ACS-3F) was administered to 209 alcohol-dependent subjects and 137 controls.
Validation involved correlating the ACS-3F with the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Severity of Alcohol Dependence Scale.

Main Results:

The three-factor structure of the ACS-3F was confirmed with high reliability.
The scale demonstrated expected correlations with validation measures.
The ACS-3F effectively discriminated between alcohol-dependent individuals and controls.

Conclusions:

The ACS-3F possesses adequate psychometric properties.
This scale is potentially valuable for future research and clinical applications in understanding and managing alcohol dependence.