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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

33.8K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
33.8K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

35.4K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
35.4K
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.3K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.3K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.1K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.1K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base01:30

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

4.4K
In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...
4.4K
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

2.8K
Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
2.8K

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Related Experiment Video

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Preparing Porcine Eyes for Confocal Reflectance Microscopy to Visualize the Vitreous Collagen Fiber Network
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Reflective tilted fiber Bragg grating refractometer based on strong cladding to core recoupling.

Tuan Guo1, Hwa-Yaw Tam, Peter A Krug

  • 1Photonics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. guotuan2001@163.com

Optics Express
|April 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel fiber optic sensor for precise surrounding refractive index (SRI) measurements down to 1.33. The power-referenced refractometer offers enhanced sensitivity for chemical and biological sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Sensing
  • Fiber Optic Sensors
  • Biomedical Instrumentation

Background:

  • Refractometry is crucial for analyzing chemical and biological samples.
  • Existing methods often face limitations in sensitivity and reference stability.
  • In-fiber sensors offer miniaturization and integration potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel in-fiber structure for power-referenced refractometry.
  • To achieve high sensitivity measurements of surrounding refractive index (SRI), particularly at low values (down to 1.33).
  • To develop a robust sensing platform for chemical and biological applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a fiber optic stub with a weakly tilted Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG).
  • Splicing the FBG stub to another fiber with a large lateral offset to create a novel structure.
  • Utilizing dual wavelength bands (core mode and cladding modes) for reflection analysis.
  • Implementing a power-referencing technique using the unaffected core-mode reflection.

Main Results:

  • The proposed structure exhibits two distinct reflection bands: core mode and cladding modes.
  • Cladding mode power varies with SRI, while core mode reflection remains stable.
  • The core-mode reflection serves as an effective reference to compensate for power fluctuations.
  • Demonstrated capability to measure SRI as low as 1.33 with improved sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • The novel in-fiber structure enables power-referenced refractometry with high sensitivity.
  • The sensor is suitable for precise low SRI measurements, crucial for biological and chemical sensing.
  • The tip-reflection sensing feature enhances its applicability in various sensing scenarios.