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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...

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Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells
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Protection against radiation-induced DNA damage by amino acids: a DFT study.

N R Jena1, P C Mishra, S Suhai

  • 1Division Molecular Biophysics (B020), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D - 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. nrjena@gmail.com

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|April 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Radiation damages guanine DNA, forming radicals. Amino acids like cysteine and tyrosine can repair this damage through specific mechanisms, restoring normal guanine in both gas and aqueous environments.

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Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Radiation exposure can induce direct and indirect DNA damage.
  • Guanine radical cations (G(+)) and anions (G(-)) are key intermediates in DNA damage.
  • These guanine radicals can lead to lethal diseases if not repaired.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the repair mechanisms of guanine neutral radical [G(-H)] and guanine anion [G(-H)(-)] by cysteine and tyrosine.
  • To elucidate the role of amino acids in repairing radiation-induced DNA damage.
  • To understand the influence of gas phase and aqueous environments on these repair processes.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Simulations were performed in both gas phase and aqueous medium.
  • Polarized continuum and Onsager solvation models, along with explicit water molecules, were utilized.

Main Results:

  • Normal guanine can be recovered from its radical-damaged form via hydrogen-atom-transfer (HT) in both environments.
  • Recovery from the anionic damaged form occurs through two-electron-coupled proton-transfer (TECPT) or one-step hydrogen-atom- and electron-transfer (OSHET) mechanisms.
  • Four tautomers of each radical and anion were considered, revealing consistent repair pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Cysteine and tyrosine effectively repair radiation-induced guanine radicals.
  • The studied mechanisms (HT, TECPT, OSHET) are crucial for DNA repair.
  • Computational insights align with experimental observations regarding DNA damage and repair.