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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Role of Water in Human Biology01:27

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique physicochemical properties. Importantly, it helps to regulate body temperature and is the chief component of several body fluids.
Water's Solvent Properties
Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, it is referred to as a solvent, a...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System
07:08

The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System

Published on: April 26, 2018

Does water need a lambda-type transition?

G P Johari, Elpidio Tombari, Giuseppe Salvetti

    The Journal of Chemical Physics
    |April 2, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The heat capacity of water in nanopores does not support a lambda-transition. Only three water molecules fit in a 1.1 nm pore, insufficient for the proposed bulk water transition.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physical chemistry
    • Nanotechnology
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • The lambda-transition in supercooled bulk water is a key phenomenon in water's phase behavior.
    • Previous studies suggested confinement effects in nanopores could mimic bulk water properties.

    Discussion:

    • This study challenges the conjecture that confined water's heat capacity (Cp) supports a lambda-transition in bulk water.
    • Analysis reveals only three H(2)O molecules can occupy a 1.1 nm diameter pore.

    Key Insights:

    • Two water molecules form a hydrogen-bonded nanoshell with the pore wall.
    • The remaining single water molecule lacks the cooperative motion for a lambda-type transition.

    Outlook:

    • Re-evaluation of water's behavior in nanopores is necessary.
    • Further research should explore the minimal molecular requirements for phase transitions in confined systems.