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Related Concept Videos

Microbe-Plant Interactions01:09

Microbe-Plant Interactions

Microbe-plant interactions represent a dynamic spectrum of associations shaped by intricate chemical signaling. These interactions can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental, and profoundly influence plant physiology, growth, and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome, comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses, plays a pivotal role in mediating these effects through surface colonization, internal colonization, or systemic symbiosis.Mutualistic associations, particularly with...
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves
11:10

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Published on: March 9, 2014

Molecular interactions within the plant TOC complex.

Maik S Sommer1, Enrico Schleiff

  • 1Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes', Center of Membrane Proteomics, Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

Biological Chemistry
|April 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein import into chloroplasts involves complex molecular machinery. This review focuses on the initial interactions at the outer envelope during precursor protein transport.

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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves
11:10

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Published on: March 9, 2014

Affinity Purification of Chloroplast Translocon Protein Complexes Using the TAP Tag
07:01

Affinity Purification of Chloroplast Translocon Protein Complexes Using the TAP Tag

Published on: November 1, 2018

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Cellular protein transport is a complex, regulated process essential for cell function.
  • Chloroplasts, organelles within plant cells, require rapid import of thousands of proteins.
  • The molecular mechanisms governing protein translocation across organelle membranes are intricate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on precursor protein import into chloroplasts.
  • To elucidate the molecular interplay during the initial stages of import at the outer envelope.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on chloroplast protein import.
  • Analysis of molecular interactions at the chloroplast outer envelope.

Main Results:

  • Highlighting the complexity of molecular machinery involved in protein transport.
  • Summarizing key events in the initial interaction of precursor proteins with the chloroplast outer envelope.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the initial events of chloroplast protein import is crucial for comprehending organelle biogenesis.
  • Further research into these molecular interactions will advance our knowledge of cellular transport.