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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Behavioral state-dependent episodic representations in rat CA1 neuronal activity during spatial alternation.

Muneyoshi Takahashi1, Johan Lauwereyns, Yoshio Sakurai

  • 1Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan, taka@lab.tamagawa.ac.jp.

Cognitive Neurodynamics
|April 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The hippocampus is vital for episodic memory, with specialized cells showing episode-dependent activity. This study reveals that this activity persists even during quiet immobility, not just active exploration.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The hippocampus is critical for episodic memory formation and retrieval.
  • Previous research primarily focused on hippocampal activity during active behaviors, leaving its role during immobility less understood.
  • Place cells in the hippocampus exhibit activity patterns linked to specific locations and experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate episode-dependent hippocampal activity across different behavioral states: active exploration, quiet alertness, and consummation.
  • To characterize the firing patterns of CA1 pyramidal cells during these distinct behavioral periods.
  • To determine if hippocampal cells maintain episode-dependent activity during periods of immobility.

Main Methods:

  • Single-unit recordings were performed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in five rats.

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T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice
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T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice
17:45

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

  • Rats were trained on a delayed spatial alternation task using a nose-poke paradigm.
  • Hippocampal activity was analyzed during active exploration (type 1 theta), quiet alertness (type 2 theta), and consummation (large amplitude irregular activity).

    • Main Results:

    • Out of 135 recorded CA1 pyramidal cells, 75 fired mainly during active exploration, 42 during quiet alertness, and 18 during consummation.
    • A significant proportion of cells in each category demonstrated episode-dependent activity (51/75, 22/42, and 15/18, respectively).
    • Episode-dependent neural activity was observed not only during active exploration but also during periods of quiet alertness and consummation.

    Conclusions:

    • Hippocampal involvement in episodic memory extends beyond active exploration to include periods of immobility.
    • Functionally distinct hippocampal cell assemblies are engaged in maintaining episodic information across various task-related events.
    • These findings highlight the dynamic and state-dependent nature of hippocampal representations crucial for episodic memory.