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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
07:01

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

Heterotopic ossification in systemic sclerosis.

V G Botzoris1, M I Argyropoulou, P V Voulgari

  • 1Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.

Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology
|April 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of extensive calcification and ossification in a systemic sclerosis patient, presenting with myopathy and functional impairment. This finding is unique as ossification is not typical in systemic sclerosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Orthopedics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) can present with myopathy and soft tissue calcification.
  • Ossification is not a recognized feature of systemic sclerosis.

Observation:

  • An unusual case of extensive calcification and ossification in the gluteal region, thigh, and knee was observed.
  • The patient experienced associated myopathy and functional impairment.

Findings:

  • This represents the first reported instance of heterotopic ossification (HO), also known as myositis ossificans, in a patient with scleroderma.
  • The observed ossification required differential diagnosis from other causes of extraskeletal ossification.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential for rare complications in systemic sclerosis.
  • It underscores the importance of considering heterotopic ossification in scleroderma patients with extraskeletal calcification and functional decline.
  • Further research may be needed to understand the mechanisms behind HO in SSc.