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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
05:19

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: July 7, 2023

Targeted electrode-based modulation of neural circuits for depression.

Helen S Mayberg1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. hmayber@emory.edu

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|April 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Neuroscience research has shifted towards brain circuit models for psychiatric disorders. Functional neuroimaging supports deep brain stimulation as a novel treatment for major depression.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
05:19

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: July 7, 2023

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Psychiatric disorder conceptualization has evolved from psychological and neurochemical theories to include developmental, genetic, molecular, and brain circuit models.
  • Functional neuroimaging has become a key tool in characterizing brain circuit dysfunction and treatment-related changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss converging functional neuroimaging findings.
  • To establish a rationale for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treatment-resistant major depression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of functional neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of brain circuit dysfunction in major depression.

Main Results:

  • Converging imaging findings support the role of specific brain circuits in major depression.
  • Evidence suggests potential efficacy of neuromodulation for treatment-resistant cases.

Conclusions:

  • Functional neuroimaging provides a platform for understanding brain circuit dysfunction in major depression.
  • Deep brain stimulation is a promising targeted neuromodulation strategy for treatment-resistant major depression.