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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
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[Intolerance as consequence of hyperreactivity].

W J Pichler1

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Rheumatologie & klinische Immunologie/Allergologie, Universitätsspital, Inselspital, Bern. werner.pichler@insel.ch

Praxis
|April 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many patients experience hypersensitivity reactions to common triggers due to underlying inflammation. Identifying and addressing the root cause, not just the trigger, can effectively eliminate these exaggerated responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Dermatology

Context:

  • Patient-reported hypersensitivity reactions are common.
  • Reactions include rhinitis, bronchospasm, and urticaria.
  • Underlying inflammation often drives these hypersensitivities.

Purpose:

  • To present a cause-trigger model for hypersensitivity.
  • To emphasize addressing underlying inflammation over trigger avoidance alone.
  • To illustrate the model with clinical examples.

Summary:

  • Hypersensitivity reactions are often linked to underlying inflammation.
  • Identifying and eliminating the inflammatory cause resolves hypersensitivity.
  • Examples include exercise-induced asthma, food allergies, drug reactions, and chronic urticaria.

Impact:

  • Shifts focus from trigger avoidance to etiological treatment.
  • Offers a framework for managing diverse hypersensitivity conditions.
  • Potential for improved patient outcomes by addressing root causes.