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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction01:26

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders marked by recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to an abnormal immune response against gut microflora. This leads to tissue damage. The two main forms are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory disorder that can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural) and shows “skip lesions” in which...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease course is marked...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis.

Perry Hookman1, Jamie S Barkin

  • 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA. hookman@hookman.com

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|April 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strain (NAP1/BI/027) emerged, causing severe outbreaks with increased mortality. This strain is fluoroquinolone-resistant, necessitating updated infection control and treatment strategies for Clostridium difficile infection.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The emergence of a hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strain, NAP1/BI/027, since the early 2000s has led to increased morbidity and mortality in outbreaks.
  • This epidemic strain exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance, a characteristic uncommon before 2001.
  • Risk factors for C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) include antibiotic exposure, gastrointestinal surgery, prolonged hospitalization, underlying illness, immunosuppression, aging, proton pump inhibitor use, and specific patient populations like peripartum women and heart transplant recipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest information on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  • To provide guidance on presentation, vulnerable hosts, antibiotic choices, alternative therapies, probiotics, and immunotherapy for CDI.
  • To emphasize the importance of rapid diagnosis, effective control measures, and comprehensive management strategies, including rapid response teams (RRTs) and inter-institutional communication networks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and epidemiological data on Clostridium difficile infection.
  • Analysis of strain characteristics, including typing methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis, polymerase chain reaction).
  • Examination of risk factors, clinical presentations (including toxic megacolon and fulminant colitis), and treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • The NAP1/BI/027 strain is associated with increased severity and mortality of C. difficile infections.
  • Incidence of toxic megacolon and fulminant colitis has increased significantly.
  • Asymptomatic carriers can transmit the organism, contributing to healthcare-associated outbreaks.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of Clostridium difficile infection requires accurate and rapid diagnosis for early outbreak detection and intervention.
  • Implementation of comprehensive infection control measures, including contact precautions and dedicated rapid response teams, is crucial.
  • Enhanced communication networks between healthcare facilities and public health departments are recommended for coordinated response to CDI outbreaks.