Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Microbial Phylogeny01:28

Microbial Phylogeny

Understanding the evolutionary relationships among microorganisms is fundamental to microbial ecology and taxonomy. Phylogenetic trees are essential tools for inferring these relationships, relying primarily on comparative analyses of molecular sequences such as DNA, RNA, or proteins. In microbial studies, these trees typically depict the evolutionary paths of diverse bacterial and archaeal species by mapping genetic differences accumulated over time.Phylogenetic trees are composed of tips,...
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinicopathological, Molecular, and DNA Methylation Analysis of Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumors Delineates the ZC3H7B::BCOR Subset as a Distinct Entity.

Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc·2026
Same author

Salivary gland carcinomas with BRAF fusions - an exceedingly rare and yet poorly characterized group of tumors, with potentially targetable molecular alteration.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026
Same author

Diagnostic utility of targeted next-generation sequencing in indeterminate pancreaticobiliary cytology and small biopsy specimens: a prospective cohort study.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026
Same author

Clinicopathologic features of KRAS G12C-mutated non-small cell lung carcinomas:insights from 279 retrospective cases.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026
Same author

SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma of the head and neck region: report of 8 new sinonasal and non-sinonasal cases and literature review.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026
Same author

FET-Rearranged Myoepithelial Tumors Are Clinically Heterogeneous and Epigenetically Distinct from PLAG1-Rearranged Adnexal and Salivary Gland Myoepithelial Tumors.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

Mitochondrial haplogroup U2d phylogeny and distribution.

Boris Malyarchuk1, Miroslava Derenko, Maria Perkova

  • 1Institute of Biological Problem of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya str. 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia.

Human Biology
|April 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Haplogroup U2d, defined by specific mitochondrial DNA mutations, is closely related to the Indo-Pakistani U2c clade. Its presence in Europe likely stems from medieval nomadic migrations from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.

More Related Videos

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation
12:11

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation

Published on: May 20, 2018

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution
10:47

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

Published on: May 5, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation
12:11

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation

Published on: May 20, 2018

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution
10:47

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Anthropology
  • Population Studies

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing is crucial for tracing human evolutionary history and migration patterns.
  • Haplogroup U is a major mtDNA lineage found in Eurasia, with various subclades reflecting distinct demographic histories.
  • Understanding the genetic landscape of haplogroup U2d provides insights into ancient population movements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the genetic characteristics of the western Eurasian mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U2d.
  • To investigate the phylogenetic relationship between haplogroup U2d and other related haplogroups.
  • To determine the historical origins and migration routes of haplogroup U2d into Europe.

Main Methods:

  • Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of individuals belonging to haplogroup U2d.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to establish evolutionary relationships between haplogroups.
  • Phylogeographic analysis of published population data to map the distribution of haplogroup U2d.

Main Results:

  • Haplogroup U2d is characterized by four specific coding-region mutations: m.1700A>G, m.4025A>G, m.11893A>G, and m.14926A>G.
  • Phylogenetic analysis positions haplogroup U2d as a sister clade to the Indo-Pakistani haplogroup U2c.
  • Phylogeographic data suggest that the presence of U2d lineages in Europe is primarily attributed to medieval migrations of nomadic groups from the Caucasus and Eastern Europe.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic definition of haplogroup U2d is established through specific mtDNA mutations.
  • Haplogroup U2d shares a close evolutionary relationship with haplogroup U2c.
  • Medieval migrations of nomadic tribes are identified as the main driver for the dispersal of haplogroup U2d into Europe.