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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

Endothelial dysfunction, vascular disease and stroke: the ARTICO study.

J Roquer¹, T Segura, J Serena

¹Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. jroquer@imas.imim.es

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 4, 2009

Summary

The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) may predict future cardiovascular events in patients who have had an ischemic stroke. This study investigates ABI

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Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Published on: October 15, 2010

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Published on: October 15, 2010

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Neurology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in atherosclerosis, increasing risk for clinical events and plaque instability.
Endothelial dysfunction is observed in stroke patients, correlating with stroke severity and outcomes.
The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) indicates generalized atherosclerosis and predicts stroke incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the prognostic value of a low Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) for major cardiovascular events after acute ischemic stroke.
To assess the predictive value of carotid intima-media thickness, carotid duplex findings, and biomarkers for cardiovascular events.

Main Methods:

Prospective, observational, multicenter study (ARTICO) in 50 Spanish hospitals.
Focus on patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.
1-year follow-up to monitor major cardiovascular events.

Main Results:

A pathological ABI (
Secondary analysis of carotid imaging and biomarkers for predictive value.

Conclusions:

Data from ARTICO will enhance understanding of post-stroke outcomes.
Improved identification of high-risk patients for stroke recurrence or cardiovascular events is anticipated.