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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming.

Shoukhrat Mitalipov1, Don Wolf

  • 1Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA.

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
|April 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer unlimited cell sources for regenerative medicine. Nuclear transfer and genetic reprogramming are key methods for deriving these potent cells for therapeutic applications.

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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Mammalian development starts with a totipotent zygote, progressing to pluripotent cells like embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • ESCs can differentiate into all cell types, offering potential for treating diseases caused by cell defects.
  • Reprogramming somatic cells creates patient-specific pluripotent cells, avoiding immune rejection in therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major reprogramming approaches for deriving pluripotent cells.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and reprogrammed cells.
  • To discuss methods for generating patient-specific cells for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and in vitro propagation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for creating cloned embryos and ESCs.
  • Direct reprogramming of somatic cells using genetic manipulation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a versatile source for generating diverse cell types.
  • Reprogrammed somatic cells can be patient-specific, reducing transplant rejection risks.
  • Two primary reprogramming strategies, SCNT and direct reprogramming, are effective.

Conclusions:

  • Pluripotent stem cells, including ESCs and reprogrammed cells, hold immense promise for cell replacement therapies.
  • Reprogramming technologies are advancing regenerative medicine by enabling personalized cell therapies.
  • Further research into reprogramming methods will expand therapeutic options for numerous human diseases.