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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law01:09

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Spectrophotometry: Introduction01:16

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include a source of electromagnetic radiation, a slot for placing a material to be analyzed, and a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Photometric variability in earthshine observations.

Sally V Langford1, J Stuart B Wyithe, Edwin L Turner

  • 1School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Astrobiology
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Earthshine monitoring reveals significant photometric variability, indicating potential for detecting Earth-like exoplanets. This study highlights specular reflection as a key method for identifying liquid water on extrasolar planets.

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Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses
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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

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06:27

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Area of Science:

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Exoplanetary Science

Background:

  • Detecting Earth-like exoplanets requires identifying atmospheric signatures or surface variations.
  • Earthshine observations offer a unique method to study Earth as a prototype terrestrial planet.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the photometric variability of Earthshine.
  • To assess the utility of specular reflection in detecting surface properties of exoplanets.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring spatially unresolved flux light curves of Earth.
  • Analyzing photometric variability of earthshine at approximately 600 nm.
  • Observing changes in brightness and spectral reddening.

Main Results:

  • Observed up to 23% hourly changes in Earth's scattered light brightness.
  • Variability linked to the removal of specular reflection from lunar view.
  • Spectra showed reddening due to changes in surface properties at continental boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • Earthshine monitoring demonstrates significant photometric variability.
  • Specular reflection is a promising tool for detecting liquid water on extrasolar planets.
  • Surface non-uniformities can be detected through photometric observations.