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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
10:10

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Arc of motion and socket depth in reverse shoulder implants.

Sergio Gutiérrez1, Zong-Ping Luo, Jonathan Levy

  • 1The Phillip Spiegel Orthopaedic Research Laboratory at the Foundation for Orthopaedic Research and Education (FORE), 13020 N. Telecom Parkway, Tampa, FL 33637, USA.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The relationship between joint constraint and range of motion in reverse shoulder arthroplasty is complex. Some designs show increased motion with greater constraint, contrary to traditional joint mechanics.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanical engineering
  • Implant design

Background:

  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) aims to restore shoulder function via a congruent ball/socket joint.
  • In simple joints, increased constraint typically reduces range of motion (ROM).
  • This study investigates if this holds true for RSA due to concurrent factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the abduction impingement-free arc of motion in RSA.
  • To challenge the intuitive relationship between articular constraint and ROM in RSA.
  • To explore the influence of multiple design factors on RSA motion.

Main Methods:

  • A virtual computer model of RSA was used to simulate abduction motion.
  • Six levels of articular constraint (socket depth) were tested.
  • Eighty-one combinations of concurrent factors (glenosphere size, offset, neck-shaft angle, position) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Three classes of ROM relative to constraint were identified: 57% showed decreased ROM with increased constraint (Class I).
  • 37% exhibited a complex ROM-constraint relationship (Class II).
  • 6% demonstrated increased ROM with increased constraint (Class III).

Conclusions:

  • Counter-intuitive findings (Classes II and III) suggest impingement, particularly with superior glenoid positioning.
  • Surgeons should consider superior positioning effects on RSA motion.
  • Understanding these motion-constraint dynamics can guide improved RSA implant design.