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Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
Bile01:19

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin, delayed...
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
These breakdown products bind with bile salts and lecithin to form micelles, which quickly pass between microvilli to come in close contact with the apical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
08:42

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Published on: November 27, 2016

Bile acids as regulatory molecules.

Phillip B Hylemon1, Huiping Zhou, William M Pandak

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA. hylemon@vcu.edu

Journal of Lipid Research
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Bile acids, once thought only detergents, are now known regulatory molecules. They control liver and gut cell signaling, impacting lipid and glucose metabolism.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
08:42

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Published on: November 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Bile acids traditionally viewed as cholesterol-derived detergents.
  • Essential for cholesterol and lipid absorption in the intestines.
  • Recent discoveries reveal their crucial role as signaling molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory functions of bile acids.
  • To summarize their impact on hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism.
  • To highlight their activation of nuclear receptors and signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies on bile acid signaling.
  • Focus on nuclear receptor and cell signaling pathway activation.

Main Results:

  • Bile acids activate farnesoid X receptor, preganane X receptor, vitamin D receptor, and TGR5.
  • They modulate signaling pathways including JNK, AKT, and ERK.
  • Gene expression changes affect lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Bile acids are key regulators of hepatic lipid and glucose homeostasis.
  • Their signaling impacts nutrient metabolism, particularly during the feed/fast cycle.
  • Understanding bile acid signaling is vital for metabolic disease research.