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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Effect of radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease on the generation of TSH anti-receptor stimulating antibodies (TSI).

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The Metabolic Vulnerability Index (MVX) in Subclinical Thyroid Disorders and Euthyroidism: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Analysis from the ELSA-Brasil Study.

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Do Prognostic Differences Exist Among High-Risk <i>RET</i> Mutations? A Comparison of Outcomes Between the <i>RET</i> C634R and Other C634 Mutations in Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases].

José Augusto Sgarbi1, Rui M B Maciel

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Marília, SP, Brazil.

Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) involves genetic and environmental factors. Understanding their interaction is key to developing new prevention and treatment strategies for this common disorder.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Immunology
  • Genetics and Environmental Health

Context:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a prevalent organ-specific autoimmune disorder.
  • It manifests as hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease) or hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).

Purpose:

  • To summarize the current understanding of AITD etiology, focusing on genetic and environmental interactions.
  • To highlight the known genetic factors and potential environmental triggers involved in AITD.

Summary:

  • AITD susceptibility is influenced by both genetic factors (79%) and environmental factors (21%).
  • Key genetic factors include MHC, CTLA-4, CD40, PTPN22, TSHR, and TG.
  • Environmental factors like iodine, stress, drugs, and infections are implicated but lack causal evidence.

More Related Videos

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Impact:

  • Elucidating the precise mechanisms of gene-environment interaction in AITD is crucial.
  • This knowledge could lead to novel strategies for AITD prevention and treatment.