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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be interpreted as...
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments
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Brain mechanisms for predictive control by switching internal models: implications for higher-order cognitive

Hiroshi Imamizu1, Mitsuo Kawato

  • 1Biological Information and Communications Technology Group, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 2-2-2, Hikaridai, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan. imamizu@gmail.com

Psychological Research
|April 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Internal models in the brain enable humans to predict and control actions for achieving goals. These neural mechanisms are vital for both basic motor skills and complex cognitive functions like social interaction and language.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Human actions are guided by intentions, requiring precise control and prediction of outcomes.
  • Internal models, neural mechanisms mimicking body/object properties, support action control and prediction.
  • Understanding internal models is key to explaining sensorimotor and higher-order cognitive functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize research on the brain mechanisms of internal model acquisition, organization, and switching.
  • To review the role of internal models in immediate actions and higher-order cognitive functions.
  • To propose internal models as a unifying concept for sensorimotor and cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of functional neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of behavioral experiments.
  • Examination of computational modeling research.

Main Results:

  • Internal models are acquired, organized modularly, and switched predictively, particularly for tool use.
  • These models facilitate predictive control and flexible switching of intentional actions.
  • Internal models are crucial for optimizing long-term goals, social interactions, and language processing.

Conclusions:

  • Internal models are fundamental to predictive control and flexible action execution.
  • The concept of internal models provides a consistent framework for understanding both sensorimotor and higher-order cognitive functions.
  • Internal models are essential for a wide range of human behaviors, from basic actions to complex cognition.