Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability02:23

Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
Gibbs Free Energy02:39

Gibbs Free Energy

One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Elective genomic sequencing for adults in research, clinical and commercial contexts.

BMC medical genomics·2026
Same author

Toward a nuanced framework for the medical development of ibogaine and its analogues and derivatives: implications for psychopharmacology.

Expert opinion on drug discovery·2026
Same author

The Psychedelic Therapies Executive Order: On Approval and Clinical Readiness.

JAMA·2026
Same author

Elective genomic sequencing for adults in research, clinical and commercial contexts.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Public attitudes toward cascade genetic screening in the United States.

Health affairs scholar·2026
Same author

Wastewater Surveillance to Inform Cancer Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Interventions.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)
08:15

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)

Published on: December 1, 2010

Two cheers for GINA?

Amy L McGuire1, Mary Anderlik Majumder

  • 1Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Genome Medicine
|April 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) aims to reduce fears of genetic discrimination and encourage genetic testing. However, GINA has limitations and requires further study on its real-world impact.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
10:44

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Published on: May 5, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)
08:15

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)

Published on: December 1, 2010

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
10:44

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Public Health Policy
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was enacted in 2008 in the U.S.
  • GINA aims to prevent genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment.
  • Public apprehension regarding genetic discrimination may hinder genetic testing and research participation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the implications of GINA.
  • To explore public perception and industry practices post-GINA.
  • To inform individuals about GINA's scope and limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Policy analysis of GINA.
  • Review of existing literature on genetic discrimination.
  • Assessment of potential impacts on genetic testing and research.

Main Results:

  • GINA is a significant advancement in U.S. policy, addressing genetic discrimination.
  • Concerns exist regarding GINA's scope, as it excludes non-genetic health information.
  • GINA's protections are limited to health insurance and employment contexts.

Conclusions:

  • GINA represents a crucial step forward in protecting individuals from genetic discrimination.
  • Further research is necessary to understand GINA's impact on industry and public attitudes.
  • Educating the public on GINA's limitations is vital for informed decisions about genetic testing and research.