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Related Concept Videos

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Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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Published on: June 8, 2022

pH dependence of sphingosine aggregation.

Hirotaka Sasaki1, Hiromi Arai, Melanie J Cocco

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.

Biophysical Journal
|April 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) aggregate in solutions, with their behavior significantly influenced by pH. This study clarifies their critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) and aggregation dynamics, crucial for understanding related storage disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Sphingolipids like sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are vital signaling molecules regulating cellular processes.
  • Their amphiphilic nature causes aggregation above critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), relevant to lysosomal storage disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the aggregation of sphingosine and S1P across a range of physiological conditions.
  • To resolve discrepancies in reported CMC and pK(a) values in existing literature.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic light scattering
  • Titration
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Main Results:

  • Determined nominal CMCs for sphingosine (0.99 ± 0.12 µM at pH 7.4) and S1P (14.35 ± 0.08 µM at pH 7.2).
  • Demonstrated pH's strong influence on sphingosine aggregation, with critical aggregation concentrations of 1.71 ± 0.24 µM (protonated) and 0.70 ± 0.02 µM (deprotonated).
  • NMR revealed sphingosine's NH3+-NH2 transition at pH 6.6 and a shift in hydrogen-bonding networks in aggregates between pH 6.7 and 9.9.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides precise CMC and pK(a) values for sphingosine and S1P, resolving prior inconsistencies.
  • pH-dependent aggregation and structural transitions of sphingosine are critical factors influencing its behavior in biological systems.
  • Findings offer insights into the biophysical mechanisms underlying glycosphingolipid storage disorders.