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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
Published on: July 4, 2018
Brian L Erstad1, Kathleen Puntillo2, Hugh C Gilbert3
1Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ.
Opioids are standard for intensive care unit (ICU) pain control, but optimal use requires considering patient factors and drug properties. Nonpharmacologic therapies are safe but lack strong evidence for widespread ICU use.
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