Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Neuroscience
• Geriatrics

Background:

• The aging global population leads to a rise in low vision cases from conditions like age-related macular degeneration.
• Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) involves visual hallucinations in individuals with vision loss but normal mental status.
• CBS is underdiagnosed, highlighting a gap in provider awareness.

Purpose of the Study:

• To increase awareness of Charles Bonnet syndrome among ophthalmic care providers.
• To review the clinical characteristics, causes, and treatment of CBS.
• To emphasize the importance of recognizing CBS in elderly patients with low vision.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical descriptions and case reports.
• Analysis of theories on the underlying mechanisms of CBS.
• Evaluation of current and potential treatment strategies.

Main Results:

• CBS presents as formed visual hallucinations due to visual system disturbances in mentally normal patients.
• Theories on CBS causes are diverse, offering insights into visual system function.
• Incidence varies, but CBS is frequently underdiagnosed; pharmacologic interventions are reported, with reassurance and visual improvement being key.
• Patient and caregiver understanding of CBS can significantly reduce patient anxiety.

Conclusions:

• Ophthalmologists and physicians caring for elderly or low-vision patients must be aware of CBS.
• Recognition and understanding of CBS by healthcare providers are vital for patient care and anxiety reduction.
• Further research into effective treatment options for Charles Bonnet syndrome is warranted.