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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis
06:26

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Published on: July 28, 2023

TB vaccines: current status and future perspectives.

Claus Aagaard1, Jes Dietrich, Mark Doherty

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Immunology and Cell Biology
|April 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing new vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires strong cellular immunity. Promising fusion proteins, selected through proteomic and T-cell studies, are advancing through clinical trials for tuberculosis (TB) vaccines.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis
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Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria
06:38

Enrichment of Native and Recombinant Extracellular Vesicles of Mycobacteria

Published on: December 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis necessitate robust cellular immune responses for effective vaccine strategies.
  • Antigen discovery is crucial for developing vaccines targeting intracellular pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and develop novel protein-based vaccine candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • To advance promising fusion proteins into clinical evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Proteome studies were conducted to identify potential antigens.
  • T-cell recognition assays in PPD-positive individuals were used for antigen selection.
  • Protective efficacy was tested in animal models.
  • Selected proteins were engineered into fusion molecules.

Main Results:

  • Several promising protein candidates were identified and validated.
  • Fusion proteins were constructed from the most effective antigens.
  • Two advanced fusion proteins have successfully completed Phase I clinical trials.
  • These leading candidates are now progressing into Phase II clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Fusion proteins represent a promising vaccine strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • The ongoing clinical trials for these novel TB vaccine candidates are a significant step forward.
  • Further evaluation in Phase II trials will determine the safety and efficacy of these novel TB vaccines.