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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is covered...
Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is responsible...
Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
Capillaries and Their Types01:20

Capillaries and Their Types

Capillaries, a crucial constituent of the circulatory system, are diminutive vessels with a diameter between 5–10 micrometers, accommodating perfusion to the tissues through the phenomenon known as microcirculation. Through their permeable walls, consisting of an endothelial layer ensconced by a basement membrane and sporadically dispersed smooth muscle fibers, the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid becomes plausible. Variance in wall composition exists, with...
Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity
08:04

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

Published on: June 11, 2019

NOTES: approach to the liver and spleen.

Nobumi Tagaya1, Keiichi Kubota

  • 1Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan. tagaya@dokkyomed.ac.jp

Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
|April 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a feasible approach for accessing abdominal organs like the liver and spleen. Further research and training are needed for safe clinical application of this minimally invasive technique.

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Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies
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Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

Published on: January 27, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity
08:04

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

Published on: June 11, 2019

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies
09:51

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

Published on: January 27, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Surgical Innovation
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Minimally invasive abdominal surgery reduces trauma, pain, and recovery time compared to conventional methods.
  • Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) offers potential for further reduced invasiveness.
  • This study investigates NOTES for liver and spleen access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of transgastric peritoneoscopy for accessing abdominal organs.
  • To assess the feasibility of liver biopsy and splenectomy using NOTES.
  • To discuss the current status and literature of NOTES.

Main Methods:

  • Acute experiments were conducted on one pig and four dogs under general anesthesia.
  • A double-channel endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity via a gastric incision.
  • Liver biopsy and splenectomy were performed, with the spleen retrieved through the stomach.

Main Results:

  • Transgastric peritoneoscopy provided satisfactory visualization of the abdominal cavity.
  • Successful liver biopsies were obtained without complications.
  • Splenectomies were accomplished, with minor splenic parenchyma injury during retrieval. No significant damage to other organs was noted.

Conclusions:

  • NOTES is a feasible procedure with potential patient benefits.
  • Key issues regarding clinical introduction and training systems must be addressed to prevent complications.
  • Further development is required for routine surgical application of NOTES.