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Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

The stiff elbow.

Sumon Nandi¹, Steven Maschke, Peter J Evans

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A41, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)

|April 8, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Elbow stiffness, often caused by trauma, limits arm function. Prevention and timely treatment, including non-operative methods and surgery, are key to restoring motion.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Elbow stiffness significantly impairs upper extremity function, affecting hand positioning.
It arises from diverse traumatic and atraumatic causes, necessitating careful diagnosis.
Prevention is crucial due to the challenges in treating established elbow stiffness.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review the causes, classification, and diagnostic methods for elbow stiffness.
To outline current non-operative and operative treatment strategies.
To discuss future directions in preventing and treating elbow stiffness.

Main Methods:

Literature review of etiologies, classification, and treatment of elbow stiffness.
Analysis of diagnostic approaches including history, physical examination, and imaging.
Evaluation of non-operative (splinting, casting, therapy, manipulation) and operative (arthroscopic, open) interventions.

Main Results:

Elbow stiffness diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and imaging.
Non-operative treatments like splinting and therapy are initial options for recent contractures.
Surgery is indicated for refractory cases to address mechanical blocks.

Conclusions:

Elbow stiffness management requires a stepwise approach, prioritizing prevention.
Non-operative modalities offer conservative treatment for early-stage stiffness.
Surgical intervention provides solutions for persistent stiffness by removing motion-limiting blocks.