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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...

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Adsorbed polyelectrolyte coatings decrease Fe(0) nanoparticle reactivity with TCE in water: conceptual model and

Tanapon Phenrat1, Yueqiang Liu, Robert D Tilton

  • 1Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT) and Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, USA.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 9, 2009
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface modification of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles with polyelectrolytes enhances stability but reduces reactivity. This study quantifies the reactivity loss, finding it depends on polyelectrolyte mass and adsorption behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles are crucial for in situ groundwater remediation.
  • Surface modification of NZVI with polymers enhances stability and mobility but often reduces reactivity.
  • Understanding the impact of surface modifiers on NZVI reactivity is vital for effective remediation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the effect of adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass on the trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination rate by NZVI.
  • To investigate the relationship between polyelectrolyte adsorption characteristics and NZVI reactivity.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which polyelectrolytes influence NZVI performance.

Main Methods:

  • NZVI particles were modified with three commercial polyelectrolytes: poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and polyaspartate (PAP).
  • TCE dechlorination rates and reaction products were measured as a function of adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass.
  • Adsorbed mass, extended layer thickness, and TCE-polyelectrolyte partition coefficients were determined.

Main Results:

  • The TCE dechlorination rate constant decreased nonlinearly with increasing adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass, with reactivity reduced by up to 24-fold.
  • Polyelectrolyte modification did not alter the fundamental TCE dechlorination pathways.
  • A conceptual model was proposed where polyelectrolytes block reactive sites and reduce aqueous TCE concentration at the NZVI surface.

Conclusions:

  • Adsorbed polyelectrolytes significantly reduce NZVI reactivity through a combination of surface site blocking and partitioning effects.
  • The extent of reactivity loss is dependent on the adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass and its adsorption behavior.
  • The findings provide a framework for understanding and predicting the performance of polymer-modified nanoparticles in environmental remediation.