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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Endotracheal Intubation I: Procedure

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Endotracheal or ET intubation is a critical medical procedure used to secure a patient's airway, often in acute respiratory distress, apnea, upper airway obstruction, ineffective clearance of secretions, high risk for aspiration, or during general anesthesia.
The ET tube comprises various components, including a standard adaptor to attach a bag-valve-mask (BVM) or ventilator, a cuff, a pilot balloon, and radiopaque markings along its length to measure the insertion distance. The tube sizes...

Administering Oxygen by Mask

Administering Oxygen by Mask

Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Sevoflurane inside and outside the operating room.

Fabrice Michel¹, Jean-Michel Constantin

¹Faculty of Medicine, Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of the Mediterranean, North University Hospital, Marseille Cedex 20, France. fabrice.michel@ap-hm.fr

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

|April 9, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sevoflurane, a versatile anesthetic, offers rapid induction and recovery with minimal side effects. Emerging applications in pediatric and adult intensive care show promise for sedation and pain management.

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pharmacology

Background:

Sevoflurane is recognized as a highly effective anesthetic agent.
Its established utility in operating rooms is expanding to new clinical areas.

Purpose of the Study:

Review the fundamental properties of sevoflurane.
Reaffirm its suitability for outpatient anesthesia procedures.
Explore recent and emerging applications of sevoflurane.

Main Methods:

Analysis of seminal publications on sevoflurane's physical properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and clinical effects.
Review of recent literature detailing novel uses of sevoflurane.

Main Results:

Sevoflurane demonstrates significant advantages, including rapid inhalation induction, maintenance, and recovery.
It exhibits low toxicity with moderate, well-tolerated hemodynamic and respiratory effects.
Current applications include sedation for pediatric MRI, with potential for improved pain and sedation management in intensive care settings.

Conclusions:

Sevoflurane offers a favorable benefit-to-inconvenience ratio for anesthesia.
Its established profile supports its use in day-case procedures.
Emerging evidence suggests expanded roles in intensive care for sedation and analgesia.