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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge
09:53

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge

Published on: June 15, 2018

MicroRNA-221 regulates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Yangxin Li1, Yao-Hua Song, Fan Li

  • 1Texas Heart Institute and The University of Texas Medical School, Heart Failure and Stem Cell, P.O. Box 20345, MC 2-255, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Yangxin_li@yahoo.com

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|April 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

High glucose levels in diabetes increase microRNA 221 (miR-221), reducing c-kit expression and impairing endothelial cell migration. Inhibiting miR-221 restores c-kit and cell function, suggesting a new therapeutic target for diabetic vascular dysfunction.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge
09:53

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge

Published on: June 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endothelial Cell Biology

Background:

  • Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is a primary cause of endothelial cell dysfunction.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in regulating gene expression and cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microRNA 221 (miR-221) in high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction.
  • To explore the potential of targeting the miR-221 pathway for treating diabetic vascular complications.

Main Methods:

  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose conditions.
  • Expression levels of miR-221 and c-kit were measured.
  • The effect of antisense miR-221 oligonucleotide (AMO-221) on HUVECs was assessed.
  • Endothelial cell migration and transmigration assays were performed.

Main Results:

  • High glucose exposure upregulated miR-221 expression and downregulated c-kit protein in HUVECs.
  • High glucose treatment impaired HUVECs migration and transmigration.
  • Treatment with AMO-221 reduced miR-221 levels and restored c-kit expression.
  • AMO-221 treatment reversed the inhibitory effects of high glucose on HUVECs migration and transmigration.

Conclusions:

  • Induced miR-221 under hyperglycemic conditions contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting c-kit expression and impairing cell migration.
  • Targeting the miR-221-c-kit pathway presents a potential therapeutic strategy for diabetic vascular dysfunction.