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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...

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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
07:48

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

Spatiotemporal patterning during T cell activation is highly diverse.

Kentner L Singleton1, Kole T Roybal, Yi Sun

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Science Signaling
|April 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Cell signaling patterns are diverse and vary with T cell activation. Spatiotemporal clustering of signaling molecules correlates with efficient T cell activation, controlling complex cellular communication networks.

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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
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Published on: April 25, 2018

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
16:10

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Signaling pathways are crucial for cellular communication.
  • Temporal and spatial dynamics of signaling intermediates influence interaction probabilities within complex cellular networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatiotemporal patterning of signaling molecules during T cell activation.
  • To understand how molecular organization impacts T cell signaling and activation.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 30 signaling sensors, from receptors to transcription factors.
  • Analyzed physiological activation of murine ex vivo T cells by antigen-presenting cells.
  • Observed spatiotemporal variations in molecule concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Spatiotemporal patterning of signaling molecules was highly diverse.
  • Pattern diversity varied significantly with specific T cell receptors and activation conditions.
  • Effective clustering of ligand-engaged receptors and signaling intermediates correlated with efficient T cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • Spatiotemporal patterning plays a critical role in controlling signaling interactions during T cell activation.
  • The observed diversity and variability in molecular patterns suggest a discriminating role in cellular signaling.
  • Molecular clustering is a key factor for efficient T cell activation at the whole-cell level.