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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
10:12

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Published on: September 11, 2019

HIV viremia and changes in kidney function.

Chris T Longenecker1, Rebecca Scherzer, Peter Bacchetti

  • 1University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.

AIDS (London, England)
|April 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV infection impacts kidney function, increasing the likelihood of both decline and improvement over five years. Effective viral load control is strongly associated with better kidney function outcomes in HIV-infected individuals.

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

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Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
10:12

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models

Published on: December 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Kidney function changes are a concern for individuals with HIV.
  • Understanding predictors of kidney function changes is crucial for managing HIV-infected populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the longitudinal impact of HIV infection on kidney function.
  • To identify independent predictors of kidney function alterations in HIV-positive individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study involving 554 HIV-infected participants and 230 controls.
  • Kidney function was assessed using cystatin C measurements and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys) at baseline and 5-year follow-up.
  • Statistical analysis included multivariable adjustments to identify independent predictors.

Main Results:

  • HIV-infected participants showed a higher proportion of both kidney function decline (18% vs. 13%) and improvement (26% vs. 6%) compared to controls.
  • HIV infection was independently associated with increased odds of both decline (OR 2.2) and improvement (OR 7.3).
  • Reduced HIV viral load correlated with kidney function improvement, while higher or increasing viral load was linked to decline.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-infected individuals exhibit greater variability in kidney function changes over 5 years compared to non-infected individuals.
  • The degree of viral load control is a significant factor influencing longitudinal kidney function changes in HIV patients.
  • Antiretroviral therapy drug class did not show a substantial association with kidney function decline or improvement.