Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-term outcomes after non-aneurysmal, non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective multicenter outcome study.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Treatment variation in acute management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter case vignette study.

Brain & spine·2026
Same author

Quality of life after tranexamic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage: post-hoc analysis of the ULTRA trial.

Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Incidence of cerebral cavernous malformations among adults in Scotland: a prospective, population-based study.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2026
Same author

Treatment of patients with spinal cavernous malformations: a systematic review.

Brain & spine·2026
Same author

The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Motor patterns in Parkinson's disease: a data-driven approach.

Stephanie M van Rooden1, Martine Visser, Dagmar Verbaan

  • 1Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. s.m.van_rooden@lumc.nl

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|April 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms cluster into four factors: tremor, bradykinesia-rigidity, and two axial subtypes. Axial symptoms correlate with age, cognition, medication, and therapy complications.

More Related Videos

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
04:08

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
04:08

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by diverse motor disturbances.
  • Understanding motor patterns is crucial for identifying PD subtypes and disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct patterns of motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease.
  • To evaluate the relationship between these motor patterns and other PD domains (e.g., cognition, medication).

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of motor data from 399 PD patients.
  • Regression analyses to assess associations with demographic and clinical characteristics.

Main Results:

  • A valid four-factor model emerged: tremor, bradykinesia-rigidity, and two distinct axial factors.
  • One axial factor (related to posture, gait, and rising) correlated with age and cognition.
  • The second axial factor (related to freezing, speech, and swallowing) linked to dopaminergic medication and complications.

Conclusions:

  • Motor symptoms in PD can be categorized into specific, clinically relevant factors.
  • These motor factors show differential associations with non-motor domains and treatment aspects.
  • This factorization provides an objective basis for further research into PD subtypes and pathophysiology.