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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
07:38

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

Published on: September 25, 2017

Plant cells oxidize hydroxylamines to NO.

Stefan Rümer1, Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta, Werner M Kaiser

  • 1Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|April 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Plants can produce nitric oxide (NO) through novel oxidative pathways. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes catalyze NO formation from hydroxylamine (HA) and salicylhydroxamate (SHAM), suggesting new mechanisms beyond nitric oxide synthase (NOS).

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Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
09:46

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: August 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Nitric oxide signaling

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) production in plants is primarily understood through nitrite reduction or nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
  • Oxidative NO production pathways beyond NOS have not been extensively explored in plant systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel oxidative pathways for nitric oxide (NO) production in plant cell suspensions.
  • To explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and specific enzymes in NO generation.

Main Methods:

  • Tobacco cell suspensions were treated with hydroxylamine (HA) and salicylhydroxamate (SHAM).
  • NO emission was measured under various conditions, including anoxia, hydrogen peroxide, and the presence of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
  • Cell-free enzyme solutions were used to assess NO formation from HA and SHAM.

Main Results:

  • Tobacco cells emitted NO upon addition of HA or SHAM, with only a small fraction converted to NO.
  • NO production was influenced by oxygen levels, catalase, and hydrogen peroxide, suggesting a role for ROS.
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly stimulated NO formation from HA and SHAM, both in cell suspensions and cell-free systems.
  • Nitrite was identified as an oxidation product, and different mechanisms were proposed for SOD-catalyzed NO formation from HA and SHAM.

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals a potential new pathway for oxidative nitric oxide (NO) formation in plants, independent of NOS.
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a crucial role in catalyzing NO production from hydroxylamine (HA) and salicylhydroxamate (SHAM).
  • The physiological relevance and mechanisms of these novel NO-producing reactions in plants require further investigation.