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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction01:21

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more similar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

[Rectal carcinoids on the rise - update].

H Scherübl1, G Klöppel

  • 1Klinik für Innere Medizin - Gastroenterologie und GI Onkologie, Vivantes-Klinikum Am Urban, Dieffenbachstrasse 1, 10967 Berlin. hans.scheruebl@vivantes.de

Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie
|April 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rectal carcinoid (neuroendocrine rectal) tumors are increasingly detected due to colonoscopic screening, leading to earlier diagnosis and improved patient prognosis. Early detection allows for less invasive treatments and better outcomes for these neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Context:

  • Rectal carcinoid tumors (neuroendocrine rectal neoplasms) show an 800-1000% increase in incidence in the USA over 35 years.
  • Colonoscopic screening is linked to the detection of smaller, incidentally found neuroendocrine rectal tumors.
  • Endosonography is crucial for staging, assessing tumor size, depth, and lymph node involvement.

Purpose:

  • To review the current understanding and management of neuroendocrine rectal tumors (carcinoids).
  • To highlight the impact of screening colonoscopy on early detection and prognosis.
  • To outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on tumor size and characteristics.

Summary:

  • Tumors <10 mm invading no further than the muscularis propria are typically managed with endoscopic resection.
  • Surgical resection with lymph node removal is indicated for tumors with lymphovascular invasion or nodal metastases.
  • Metastasis risk increases significantly with tumor size: 17-42% for 10.1-20 mm and 60-80% for >20 mm.

Impact:

  • Early detection through screening colonoscopy has significantly improved patient prognosis for neuroendocrine rectal tumors over the past 30 years.
  • Screening enables early therapeutic intervention, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality associated with advanced disease.
  • While carcinoid syndrome is rare, somatostatin analogues and interferon-alpha are standard treatments for metastatic neuroendocrine rectal carcinomas.