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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans
09:25

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Published on: June 9, 2018

Lateral compartment cartilage changes and lateral elbow pain.

Aysha Rajeev1, Joseph Pooley

  • 1Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom. asrajeev18@gmail.com

Acta Orthopaedica Belgica
|April 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Resistant lateral elbow pain may indicate primary lateral compartment arthritis, not just lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopic findings reveal significant degenerative changes in the elbow

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Lateral elbow pain is a common complaint.
  • It is often misdiagnosed as lateral epicondylitis.
  • Conservative treatments are frequently ineffective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document arthroscopic findings in patients with resistant lateral elbow pain.
  • To investigate the prevalence of degenerative changes in the lateral elbow compartment.
  • To differentiate primary lateral compartment arthritis from lateral epicondylitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of 117 consecutive elbow arthroscopies.
  • Analysis of arthroscopic findings in patients with refractory lateral elbow pain.
  • Comparison of articular cartilage appearance between lateral and medial compartments.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans
09:25

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Published on: June 9, 2018

Main Results:

  • 59% of patients (68/117) showed degenerative changes in articular cartilage.
  • In 88% of these cases (60/68), changes were confined to the lateral compartment.
  • The medial compartment cartilage appeared normal in these patients.

Conclusions:

  • Primary lateral compartment arthritis is more prevalent than previously recognized.
  • This condition often affects a younger demographic.
  • It can be misdiagnosed as lateral epicondylitis, highlighting the need for accurate arthroscopic evaluation.