Ultraviolet light increases mortality of nematode larvae and can explain patterns of larval availability at pasture

Despite its documented effects on the viability of living organisms, the impact of ultraviolet (UV) light on the survival of parasitic nematode larvae has received surprisingly little attention. Infective L3s of the trichostrongyloid nematodes Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta and Nematodirus battus, suspended in water, were exposed to direct UV irradiation in two experiments. In the first, during 6 days of constant illumination with UVA lamps at intensities simulating sunlight at ground level, the mortality rate was increased up to 100-fold compared with controls sheltered by UV-impermeable perspex. Significant differences in mortality rates were detected between the three species, with H. contortus the least sensitive. In the second experiment, larvae were exposed to natural sunlight during the temperate spring and summer, for 24-h periods on seven separate days representing a range of weather and UV doses. Mortality was again increased by UV exposure in all species, but was less in H. contortus than in T. circumcincta or N. battus. At higher daily UV doses, the mortality rate was on average 2.27 times higher in exposed larvae than in sheltered controls. Increased mortality caused by UV irradiation could help to explain patterns of abundance of infective stages at pasture, especially pronounced population declines in spring when solar radiation rises rapidly and temperature is still low. Implications for the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode infection in ruminants, and for trade-offs in parasite life history, are discussed.