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Related Concept Videos

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
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Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Published on: May 20, 2019

Evaluation of 235U decay data.

Huang Xiaolong1, Wang Baosong

  • 1China Institute of Atomic Energy, China Nuclear Data Center, Beijing, China. huang@ciae.ac.cn

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|April 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study presents an updated decay scheme for Uranium-235 (235U), determining its half-life to be 7.04 x 10^8 years and refining gamma-ray emission probabilities for accurate nuclear data.

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
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Published on: May 20, 2019

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Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
12:22

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

Published on: November 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Radiochemistry
  • Atomic and Molecular Physics

Background:

  • Accurate nuclear data for Uranium-235 (235U) is crucial for various applications, including nuclear energy and waste management.
  • Existing decay schemes and data require periodic evaluation and updates based on new experimental measurements and theoretical calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive evaluation of the complete decay scheme and data for 235U.
  • To incorporate new experimental measurements and literature data up to June 2008.
  • To establish a refined decay scheme and precise nuclear characteristics for 235U.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of existing literature data and new experimental measurements for 235U.
  • Determination of the half-life using precise measurements.
  • Examination of gamma-ray absolute intensities and calculation of internal conversion coefficients.
  • Utilizing the ENSDF (Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File) analysis program for decay characteristic calculations.

Main Results:

  • The half-life of 235U is determined to be (7.04 ± 0.01) x 10^8 years.
  • The gamma-ray emission probability for the 185.72 keV reference line is recommended as 57.0 ± 0.3%.
  • A complete decay intensity balance was obtained using calculated internal conversion coefficients.
  • A new, refined decay scheme for 235U is presented.

Conclusions:

  • The updated decay scheme and nuclear data for 235U provide a more accurate representation of its radioactive decay properties.
  • These refined data are essential for improving the reliability of nuclear models and applications.
  • The study establishes a benchmark for future evaluations of 235U decay characteristics.