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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Signal and System01:26

Signal and System

A signal x(t) is a set of data or a time function representing a variable of interest. Signals typically convey information about a phenomenon, such as atmospheric temperature, humidity, human voice, television images, a dog's bark, or birdsongs. More generally, a signal can be a function of more than one independent variable. For instance, images depend on horizontal and vertical positions and can be regarded as two-dimensional signals. However, this text will focus on one-dimensional signals...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Sending signals dynamically.

Robert G Smock1, Lila M Gierasch

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. rsmock@student.umass.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Protein dynamics are key to cell signaling. Emerging research shows how protein movement through energy landscapes transmits signals, offering new insights into cellular communication.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Proteins are essential for intercellular and intracellular signal transmission.
  • The dynamic properties of signaling proteins are critical for their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss emerging paradigms on the role of protein dynamics in cellular signaling.
  • To highlight new methods providing atomic-scale insights into protein dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging paradigms in protein dynamics.
  • Discussion of new methodologies for studying protein dynamics at the atomic scale.

Main Results:

  • Proteins fluctuate among multiple states on selected energy landscapes.

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  • Upstream signals remodel these landscapes, enabling information transfer to downstream partners.

    • Conclusions:

    • Protein dynamics are central to signal transduction.
    • Integrating multiple signals and organizing signaling pathways in space and time are future challenges.