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01:22Dementia l: Introduction
Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
01:30Cognitive Development During Adulthood
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
01:30Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
01:27Language and Cognition
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
01:30Dementia
Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
01:29Hepatic Encephalopathy
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 24, 2026
10:13
Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
Published on: February 14, 2014
[Cognitive impairment].
1Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, CHU Timone, Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
Revue Neurologique
|April 14, 2009
Summary
Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting memory, attention, and processing speed. Subtle brain changes, not just visible lesions, correlate with cognitive decline, necessitating early screening and rehabilitation.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Neurology
- Cognitive Science
Context:
- Cognitive impairment is a prevalent and disabling symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS) across all disease stages.
- It significantly impacts patients' quality of life, social functioning, and daily activities.
- Information-processing speed is a key indicator of cognitive dysfunction in MS.
Purpose:
- To review the characteristics of cognitive impairment in MS.
- To explore the relationship between cognitive deficits and neuroimaging findings.
- To emphasize the importance of screening and potential interventions for MS-related cognitive dysfunction.
Summary:
- Cognitive dysfunction in MS affects multiple domains, with processing speed being a sensitive marker.
- While visible MRI lesions correlate weakly, subtle white and grey matter damage in normal-appearing brain tissue is strongly associated with cognitive impairment.
- Functional MRI reveals adaptive reorganization in the MS brain, suggesting cognitive impairment results from a balance of damage and repair.
Impact:
- Highlights the need for sensitive cognitive screening in MS patients.
- Suggests that subtle, non-conventional MRI markers may better predict cognitive decline than lesion load.
- Underscores the potential for cognitive rehabilitation interventions to address MS-related cognitive deficits.