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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

[Extracellular calcium sensing under normal and pathological conditions].

Judit Toke¹, Attila Patócs, Péter Gergics

¹Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar, II. Belgyógyászati Klinika, Budapest.

|April 14, 2009

Summary

Extracellular calcium acts as a first messenger via the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This review details CaSR

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Endocrinology

Context:

Extracellular calcium is recognized as a critical signaling molecule.
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a cell surface G-protein coupled receptor.
Recent research highlights CaSR's role as a first messenger.

Purpose:

To review current knowledge on CaSR's function in calcium homeostasis.
To explore CaSR's roles in diverse tissues.
To discuss disorders associated with defective calcium sensing.

Summary:

CaSR mutations cause inherited disorders: loss-of-function (familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism) and gain-of-function (autosomal dominant hypocalcemia).
The review covers clinical and laboratory features, and therapeutic implications of these CaSR-related disorders.
Molecular mechanisms of defective calcium sensing in hyperparathyroidism and consequences of CaSR genetic variants are discussed.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of calcium-sensing receptor biology and its clinical relevance.
Highlights the significance of CaSR in maintaining calcium homeostasis and its link to various diseases.
Informs research on CaSR genetic variants and potential therapeutic strategies for calcium-related disorders.