Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Unrealistic Optimism Bias

Unrealistic Optimism Bias

Unrealistic optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This cognitive bias makes individuals believe they are less likely to experience failures, setbacks, or risks and more likely to succeed than others. For example, people may assume they are less prone to health issues, accidents, or financial struggles than their peers, even when they share similar risk factors.One key component of this bias is the above-average effect, where individuals perceive...

Schemas

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Design Consideration

Design Consideration

Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key aspect...

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...

Mass Concreting

Mass Concreting

Mass concreting refers to the process of placing large volumes of concrete, such as in gravity dams. The heat generated during the cement hydration process and differential cooling rates within the concrete mass can lead to a temperature gradient, which can result in thermal cracks in the concrete mass.
To reduce the risk of such cracking, the concrete mix may incorporate low-heat cement and pozzolans to reduce the temperature rise. Pre-cooled angular aggregates and water-reducing admixtures...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

On the generality of behavioral theory and abstract phenomena.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026

Same author

Comparisons of extinction, counterconditioning, and novelty-facilitated extinction within ABA vs. ABC renewal designs.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2026

Same author

Rethinking memory impairments: Retrieval failure.

Psychological review·2025

Same author

Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2024

Same author

Cue duration and trial spacing effects in contingency assessment in the streaming procedure with humans.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2024

Same author

Associative interference and nonreinforcement in human contingency learning.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2023

Same journal

The fate of redundant cues in human predictive learning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

Same journal

The adaptive analysis of visual cognition using genetic algorithms.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

Same journal

Active change detection by pigeons and humans.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

Same journal

Renewal effects in interference between outcomes as measured by a cued response reaction time task: further evidence for associative retrieval models.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

Same journal

Pigeons use low rather than high spatial frequency information to make visual category discriminations.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

Same journal

Associative models of instrumental learning: a response to Dupuis and Dawson.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes·2013

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: April 13, 2016

Overexpectation and trial massing.

Heather T Sissons¹, Ralph R Miller

¹Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes

|April 15, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Overexpectation treatment and massed trials in fear conditioning both reduce responding. When combined, these treatments counteract each other, alleviating the response decrement in rats.

More Related Videos

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Published on: February 6, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: April 13, 2016

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Published on: February 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Behavioral Neuroscience
Learning and Memory
Animal Behavior

Background:

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a fundamental learning process.
Overexpectation and trial spacing effects are known phenomena influencing conditioned responding.
Understanding interactions between learning manipulations is key to refining conditioning models.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the interaction between overexpectation treatment and trial massing in Pavlovian fear conditioning.
To determine if these treatments mutually counteract each other.
To test the generalizability of these effects across different conditioning paradigms.

Main Methods:

Rats were subjected to Pavlovian fear conditioning procedures.
Experiments involved first-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning paradigms.
Treatments included overexpectation (compound training with previously reinforced elements) and trial massing (reinforced trials presented closely together).

Main Results:

The overexpectation effect and trial spacing effect were observed.
A significant counteraction between overexpectation treatment and trial massing was found, alleviating response decrements.
These findings were replicated in both first-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning.

Conclusions:

The results support the extended comparator hypothesis for explaining learning phenomena.
Overexpectation and trial massing interact in a complex manner.
Conditioning paradigms can be modulated by the interplay of different learning manipulations.