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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Does the fists-on-clavicles position represent a functional standing position?

Yoichi Aota1, Tomoyuki Saito, Masaaki Uesugi

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan. yaota@yokohama-cu.ac.jp

Spine
|April 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The fists-on-clavicles arm position, while better than forward-flexed arms, still causes a significant negative shift in sagittal vertical axis (SVA) compared to relaxed standing. This finding is crucial for accurate spinal imaging.

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Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
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Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Spine Biomechanics

Background:

  • Assessing sagittal spinal and pelvic morphology via radiographs is challenging due to arm interference during relaxed standing.
  • Forward-flexed arm positions negatively impact the sagittal vertical axis (SVA).
  • The fists-on-clavicles position was proposed to improve spinal visualization and provide a more functional sagittal profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the fists-on-clavicles position as a functional standing posture for radiographic assessment.
  • To compare the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) measurements between relaxed standing, forward-flexed arms, and fists-on-clavicles positions.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective analysis of lateral spine radiographs in 14 healthy subjects.
  • Measurement of SVA across three distinct arm positions: relaxed, 45-degree shoulder flexion (SF), and fists-on-clavicles.
  • Statistical comparison of SVA values between the different positions.

Main Results:

  • Relaxed standing yielded a mean SVA of 1.4 +/- 1.9 cm.
  • Shoulder flexion (SF) resulted in a significant negative SVA shift of -3.7 +/- 2.3 cm (P < 0.001).
  • The fists-on-clavicles position showed a reduced but significant negative SVA shift of -2.3 +/- 2.1 cm (P < 0.001) compared to relaxed standing.

Conclusions:

  • The fists-on-clavicles position, while superior to shoulder flexion in mitigating SVA shift, does not eliminate it.
  • A significant negative SVA shift occurs even with the fists-on-clavicles position relative to relaxed standing.
  • This suggests that the fists-on-clavicles position may not represent a truly neutral or functional standing posture for SVA assessment.