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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
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Mitochondrial DNA deletion and sarcopenia.

Vallabh O Shah1, John Scariano, Debra Waters

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics
|April 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial DNA deletions are common in elderly individuals and negatively impact Complex I activity, a key factor in energy production. Further research is needed to confirm the link between these deletions and lean body mass in sarcopenia.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Age-related sarcopenia is characterized by muscle loss and weakness.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction, including DNA deletions, is implicated in aging processes.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation is crucial for cellular energy production in muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mitochondrial DNA deletions in age-related sarcopenia.
  • To examine the relationship between mitochondrial DNA deletions and skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation.
  • To assess the association between mitochondrial DNA deletions and body composition in elderly individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Skeletal muscle samples were analyzed from normal lean and sarcopenic elderly participants.
  • Activities of Complex I and Complex IV of the oxidative phosphorylation system were measured.
  • Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mitochondrial DNA deletions across the entire mitochondrial genome.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial DNA deletions were prevalent in elderly subjects, particularly in regions encoding Complex I subunits.
  • Specific deletions were significantly associated with reduced Complex I activity.
  • While total deletion load was similar, the magnitude of deletions positively correlated with lean body mass.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial DNA deletions are common in aging and negatively associated with Complex I activity.
  • The findings suggest a potential role for mitochondrial DNA deletions in sarcopenia pathogenesis.
  • Larger studies are required to validate the association between mitochondrial DNA deletions and lean body mass.