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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...

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Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
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Interactions between bacteriophage DNA and cationic biomimetic particles.

Heloísa Rosa1, Denise F S Petri, Ana M Carmona-Ribeiro

  • 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 26077, São Paulo, SP 05513-970, Brazil.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|April 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Giant bacteriophage DNA interacts with cationic biomimetic particles, forming assemblies with varying cytotoxicity against E. coli. Particle charge and DNA concentration significantly influence assembly stability and biological activity.

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T4 Bacteriophage and E. coli Interaction in the Murine Intestine: A Prototypical Model for Studying Host-Bacteriophage Dynamics In Vivo

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cationic biomimetic particles offer potential for DNA delivery and interaction studies.
  • Giant bacteriophage DNA presents unique challenges and opportunities for supramolecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the supramolecular assemblies formed between giant bacteriophage DNA and cationic biomimetic particles.
  • To evaluate the impact of DNA concentration and particle size on assembly properties and cytotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic light-scattering and zeta-potential analysis for sizing and charge characterization.
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for visualization of supramolecular structures.
  • Turbidimetry, colloid stability, and cytotoxicity assays (E. coli colony forming units) for functional evaluation.

Main Results:

  • PSS/DODAB particles formed stable, cationic PSS/DODAB/DNA assemblies at low DNA concentrations, exhibiting high E. coli cytotoxicity.
  • At charge neutralization, assemblies became less stable, more polydisperse, and showed moderate cytotoxicity.
  • AFM revealed nucleosome-mimetic structures at charge neutralization.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the structure-property relationships of DNA-cationic particle assemblies.
  • Assembly properties and cytotoxicity are tunable by controlling DNA concentration and particle characteristics.
  • These findings contribute to the development of novel DNA-based nanostructures for biomedical applications.