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Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

The backpack problem is evident but the solution is less obvious.

Debra Lindstrom-Hazel¹

¹Department of Occupational Therapy, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA. dhazel@wmich.edu

Work (Reading, Mass.)

|April 17, 2009

Summary

School-aged children may be at risk for back pain from backpacks. Current evidence lacks consistent support for weight recommendations and carrying behaviors, with a call to examine psychosomatic factors in pediatric back pain.

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Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Musculoskeletal Health
Public Health

Background:

Backpack use is common among school-aged children and adolescents.
Concerns exist regarding the potential link between backpack carriage and pediatric back pain.
Understanding risk factors and protective behaviors is crucial for preventing long-term musculoskeletal issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review literature (2003-2007) on the risk of back pain in children due to backpack use.
To determine if adolescent backpack use predicts adult back pain.
To identify behaviors that influence the risk of back pain and injury from backpacks.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases (Cochrane, PubMed, ERIC, etc.).
Keywords included "backpack," "back pain," "children," "adolescents," and "physical fitness."
Sixty-three articles were analyzed to address the three primary research questions.

Main Results:

Ten articles addressed the epidemiological question of children's risk.
Two articles examined the long-term risk of back pain in adulthood.
Seven articles focused on behavioral factors influencing back pain risk.

Conclusions:

Current research provides inconsistent support for specific weight recommendations and carrying behaviors.
Psychosomatic behaviors are suggested as potential predictors of back pain in childhood and adolescence.
Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for backpack use and injury prevention.