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Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

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Related Experiment Video

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Kinetochore geometry defined by cohesion within the centromere.

Takeshi Sakuno1, Kenji Tada, Yoshinori Watanabe

  • 1Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.

Nature
|April 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Centromere cohesion regulates kinetochore orientation during cell division. Core centromere cohesion promotes mono-orientation, while peri-centromeric cohesion promotes bi-orientation in fission yeast.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Microtubules capture chromosomes via kinetochores during cell division.
  • Mitosis involves bipolar attachment, while meiosis I involves monopolar attachment.
  • Kinetochore geometry is crucial for chromosome orientation, but its regulation is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between centromere cohesion and kinetochore orientation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis of kinetochore geometry regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed novel strategies to visualize centromeric cohesion.
  • Introduced artificial tethers to manipulate kinetochore geometry.
  • Utilized fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) as a model organism.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that cohesion at the core centromere induces kinetochore mono-orientation.
  • Showed that cohesion in the peri-centromeric region promotes bi-orientation.
  • Established a link between centromere structure and chromosome attachment dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Centromere cohesion plays a critical role in regulating kinetochore geometry and orientation.
  • This mechanism may represent a general principle for geometric control of kinetochores.
  • Findings complement existing models of tension-dependent reorientation machinery.