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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

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Published on: March 1, 2017

Delusions of reference: a new theoretical model.

Mike Startup1, Sandra Bucci, Robyn Langdon

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. mike.startup@newcastle.edu.au

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
|April 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new model for referential delusions of communication, a common psychotic symptom. Preliminary evidence supports the model, highlighting the need for further research into these self-referential beliefs.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Delusions of reference are common psychotic symptoms, often overlooked.
  • Research suggests two types of delusions of reference exist.
  • This paper focuses on referential delusions of communication, involving nonverbal, self-referential messages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel model explaining referential delusions of communication.
  • To account for the personal significance of neutral stimuli.
  • To explain the belief in nonverbal, self-referential messages.

Main Methods:

  • A new model was developed to explain key phenomenological aspects.
  • Literature searches were conducted using PsycINFO and Scopus with "delusion* of reference" as keywords.
  • Existing research was reviewed for support of the proposed model's components.

Main Results:

  • A small but growing body of research provides preliminary support for the model's components.
  • Published studies, though not explicitly focused on delusions of reference, offer relevant findings.
  • The model appears plausible based on current evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary support exists for the proposed model of referential delusions of communication.
  • Further research is essential to validate and refine the model.
  • Key areas for future research are identified.