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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements
10:07

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

Published on: January 30, 2018

Sacral neuromodulation with implanted devices for urinary storage and voiding dysfunction in adults.

G Peter Herbison1, Edwin P Arnold

  • 1Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand, 9054. peter.herbison@otago.ac.nz

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|April 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous electrical nerve stimulation via implants can benefit selected patients with overactive bladder or urinary retention. However, many implants fail, necessitating further research into patient selection and device efficacy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements
10:07

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

Published on: January 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Neural control of urinary storage and voiding is complex.
  • Dysfunctional voiding can be challenging to treat.
  • Continuous electrical nerve stimulation of sacral nerve roots is a treatment option for refractory symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of implantable electrical stimulation devices for treating urine storage and voiding problems.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL) up to March 2008.
  • Included randomized controlled trials of implanted electronic stimulators providing continuous electrical stimulation for neuromodulation.
  • Study quality and data extraction were performed by both authors.

Main Results:

  • Eight randomized studies of continuous stimulation implants were included; data could not be pooled.
  • Continuous stimulation appears beneficial for selected individuals with overactive bladder syndrome and urinary retention without obstruction.
  • A significant number of implants malfunctioned, requiring revision surgeries, and optimal patient selection remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Some patients benefit from continuous nerve stimulation implants despite methodological limitations.
  • Further research is needed to optimize patient selection, implantation procedures, and understand device failure.
  • Comparative effectiveness studies against other interventions are recommended, especially for overactive bladder.