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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Povidone Iodine Rectal Preparation at Time of Prostate Needle Biopsy is a Simple and Reproducible Means to Reduce Risk of Procedural Infection
05:32

Povidone Iodine Rectal Preparation at Time of Prostate Needle Biopsy is a Simple and Reproducible Means to Reduce Risk of Procedural Infection

Published on: September 21, 2015

Rectal microbicides.

Ian McGowan1, Peter Anton

  • 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. mcgowanim@mail.magee.edu

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|April 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rectal microbicides are crucial for preventing HIV transmission, especially among women and men who have sex with men. Research is advancing preclinical and clinical evaluations for these vital rectal-specific products.

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Povidone Iodine Rectal Preparation at Time of Prostate Needle Biopsy is a Simple and Reproducible Means to Reduce Risk of Procedural Infection
05:32

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Published on: September 21, 2015

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Published on: December 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Heterosexual women and men who have sex with men engage in anal intercourse, necessitating rectal microbicide development.
  • Assessing the rectal safety of vaginal microbicides and creating rectal-specific formulations are critical public health priorities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the rationale behind developing rectal microbicides.
  • To discuss recent advancements in preclinical and clinical evaluations of rectal microbicide products.

Main Methods:

  • Preclinical evaluation methods include transgenic mouse models, nonhuman primate studies, and human colorectal explant systems.
  • Phase I rectal safety studies are becoming more sophisticated, incorporating safety biomarkers for immunotoxicity assessment.

Main Results:

  • New preclinical models enhance the evaluation of rectal microbicide safety and efficacy.
  • Advanced safety biomarkers are being developed for clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • There is increasing consensus that all vaginal microbicide candidates require rectal safety evaluation before effectiveness studies.
  • Developing rectal-specific microbicide formulations is gaining recognition as essential.