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Related Concept Videos

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Social Scripts02:10

Social Scripts

People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter), the opening...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

[Self-harm in fiction literature].

Finn Skårderud1

  • 1Avdeling for helse- og sosialfag, Høgskolen i Lillehammer, 2626 Lillehammer. finns@online.no

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
|April 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study explores fictional self-harm and self-punishment in European literature across 2,500 years. It highlights themes of autonomy and shame in contemporary authors Elfriede Jelinek and Karl Ove Knausgård.

Area of Science:

  • Literary Studies
  • Cultural History
  • Psychology

Background:

  • This article examines the portrayal of self-harm and self-punishment in European literature spanning nearly 2,500 years.
  • The analysis traces these themes from ancient Greek tragedy to contemporary works.

Discussion:

  • Focuses on the works of Elfriede Jelinek, where self-harm is linked to family autonomy.
  • Analyzes Karl Ove Knausgård's depiction of shame as a catalyst for self-harming behaviors.

Key Insights:

  • Literary depictions of self-harm evolve over centuries, reflecting changing societal and psychological understandings.
  • Specific authors offer distinct perspectives on the motivations behind self-harm, such as autonomy and shame.

Outlook:

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  • Further research could explore cross-cultural literary representations of self-harm.
  • Investigating the impact of these literary portrayals on societal perceptions of mental health is warranted.