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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to force01:25

Introduction to force

Consider water flowing from a nozzle to a turbine vane. As the water hits the turbine vane, it exerts a force that causes it to move along the flow of direction. Force is an impact that changes an object's motion, shape, or orientation. Forces can be caused by physical contact, such as a push or pull, or through non-contact interactions, such as magnetic or gravitational forces. Force is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction, and is measured in newtons (N) in the SI unit system.
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An Introduction to Mechanics

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Chromatography: Introduction01:10

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology
04:42

Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

Published on: October 1, 2007

Introduction.

S Bowman

    Optics Express
    |April 18, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Practical solid-state mid-infrared (mid-IR) sources are crucial for electro-optics. Recent advances in nonlinear materials and direct laser emission offer promising solutions for the 2-15 micron range.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology
    04:42

    Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

    Published on: October 1, 2007

    Area of Science:

    • Electro-optics
    • Materials Science
    • Infrared Technology

    Background:

    • Practical mid-infrared (mid-IR) sources and detectors are essential for advancing electro-optic applications.
    • Key applications include ambient thermal emission sensing and remote chemical analysis, requiring high-brightness sources in the 2-15 micron range.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent progress in developing solid-state mid-IR sources.
    • To highlight advancements in materials for direct mid-IR emission.

    Main Methods:

    • Frequency down-conversion using nonlinear materials.
    • Development of direct solid-state mid-IR lasers, including cascaded quantum well and rare earth doped materials.

    Main Results:

    • Significant improvements in the efficiency and reliability of frequency down-conversion mid-IR sources.
    • Demonstration of room-temperature mid-IR lasers using novel material systems.
    • Identification of material challenges in developing compact solid-state mid-IR lasers.

    Conclusions:

    • Solid-state mid-IR sources are nearing practical realization.
    • Continued materials research is vital for overcoming challenges and enabling widespread electro-optic applications in the mid-IR spectrum.